INTRODUCTION:

Water is at first place in the priority list of basic necessities of life on our planet earth. The available fresh water to man is hardly 0.3 to 0.5 per cent of the total water (2.4%) supply on earth and therefore, its judicious use is important. Growth of population, massive urbanization, rapid rate of industrialization and introduction of modern technology in agriculture and animal husbandry lead to water pollution which subsequently results in gradual deterioration of quality of water. When untreated effluents are discharged in to the environment, aquatic ecosystem, they disrupt the ecological food chain and niches of living organisms.

Pulp and paper industry is considered as one of the most polluting industry in the world (Thompson et al., 2001, Sumathi and Hung 2006). Paper and pulp industries consume large quantity of good quality water. In India, there are about 371 paper and paper board factories with an installed capacity of 93.7 million tonnes per annum (Gupta and Tagan Nath, 1995). The production of one tone of paper pulp requires 250 tonnes of water.

These effluents contain hemicelluloses, lignin, peptin and other phenolic compounds resistant to decomposition, have high biological oxygen demand, possess large amount of sodium and other salts and are alkaline in nature. The wastewaters generated from production processes of the paper pulp industry include high concentration of chemicals such as sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, sodium sulfide, bisulfites, elemental chlorine or chlorine dioxide, calcium oxide, hydrochloric acid, 20%, 40%, of H₂SO₄ etc. (Sumathi and Hung 2006).

Continuous disposal of effluents on agricultural soils has resulted in soil sickness (Narwal et al., 1988) and accumulation of some of the toxic metals in soil (Adhikari et al., 1993; Antil and Narwal 2005, Antil et al., 2007, Gupta et al., 1986, Kharche et al., 2011) which may pose serious human and animal and plant health. The present study focussed on effect of paper and pulp industrial effluent on soybean crop.

MATERIAL AND METHODS:

Paper and pulp effluent collected from Erode district of Tamilnadu, India. The effluent collection made at three stages i.e. paper raw effluent (PAR) [before treatment], Primary treated effluent (PAP) and secondary treated effluent (PAO) [outlet]. The effluents were stored at 4 ºC to avoid changes of their physiochemical properties.

The physio-chemical parameters like pH, salinity, dissolved oxygen [DO], were determined by portable water analysis kit Eutech [model 1160]. Biochemical oxygen demand [BOD], Chemical oxygen demand [COD] total dissolved solids [TDS] are measured by methods APHA, 1998 [13] and its results were analyzed.

GERMINATION STUDY:

Soybean seeds are collected from the TNAU seed centre and segregate the quality seeds through the morphological observation based on the size and weight.

For germination test, 100 seeds of each vegetable were placed in sterilized glass Petri dish of uniform size lined with one filter paper disc. This filter paper disc was moistened with 4 ml of distilled water for control and with the same quantity of untreated and treated textile effluent. The Petri dishes were incubated at 27°C ± 2^oC in the growth chambers. Germination was recorded daily at a fixed hour and the emergence of radical was taken as a criterion of germination.

POT EXPERIMENT:

Four hundred viable seeds of soybean bean were randomly selected from the stock. Twenty seeds were sown in each of four Polybags [12 cm diameter and 15 cm height] and filled with required ordinary garden soil and washed well by tap water and then pour distilled water as to flush through all the salts that were present in the soil, in the control treatment the pots were irrigated with ground water and three different stages of paper pulp effluent. 200 ml of each stage of effluent were poured respective Polybags regularly. The observation of growth, seedlings were picked from each of the poly bags in regular interval of 20, 40, 60, 80 days. Shoot length, root length, leaf area, number of leafs; lateral roots, root nodules and chlorophyll content were recorded at the regular intervals of the experiment. All the experiment triplicate were maintained and result were averaged. Shoot length, root length, lateral roots and root nodules are measured manually using measuring scale.

Chlorophyll content: Mg/g FW [fresh weight]: The chlorophyll content was estimated by extracting fresh leaves with 80% acetone and after centrifugation at 8000 rpm for 20min, measuring the colour intensity of the extract at [ 645 and 663nm] wave lengths by spectrophotometer [14]. Spectrophotometer Electronics India [Model: UV 2373] was used for this analysis. The experimental data was subjected to analysis of variance [ANOVA]. Significant differences between the values were determined by using Duncan’s Multiple Range test [P<0 .05] following ANOVA. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 14.0.0.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION:

Samples are collected from paper and pulp industries and analyzed physiochemical parameters (Table 1), the color of raw effluent dark in color subsequently treated effluent are light in color. BOD, COD and Total dissolved solids (TDS) are significantly reduced to compare the raw effluent.

Seed germination percentage was not significant compare to the control (93%) and outlet effluent (81%), but significantly varied PAR (12%) and PAP (54%) compare the control and PAO. Various industry effluents enhance the germination percentage while reducing the chemical load in the effluents [Ramana S et al 2002, Vijayakumari 2003, Kalaiselvi P et al 2009,.]. Ramana et al. Reported that crop species such as chilli, cucumber, tomato, bottle gourd, and onion showed a decrease in germination percentage with increase in chemical load in the effluent.

TABLE 1.Essential parameters analyzed in paper and pulp industry waste

S. No	Parameters	Untreated (PAR)	Primary treated (PAP)	Secondary Treated (PAO)
1.	Ph	4.6	5.3	6.5
2.	Appearance	Platinum and cobalt	-	-
3.	Total solids Mg/L	3475 ppm	2875ppm	1150- 1250 ppm
4.	TDS (Mg/L)	326 ppm	245ppm	115- 120 ppm
5.	DO	-	2ppm	5 ppm to 8 ppm
6.	COD	5049	1850	70
7.	BOD	3100	1965	100

Root length, shoot length, Number of lateral roots, number of leafs; leaf area and total chlorophyll content were calculated every 20, 40, 60 and 80 days of experiment. Initial stages of experiment all the parameters are not much different when compare to the control but at the lateral stages of 60^th and 80^th days experiment shows significant variations in all the parameters to compare the control.

PARAMETERS	C	PAR	PAP	PAO	ANOVA
Root length(cm)	8.2±0.15³	6.6±0.15¹	7.8±0.05²	7.6±0.15²	0.001
No. of lateral root	16.00±2.64^b	20.66±1.52^c	19.66±1.15^c	11.00±2.00^a	0.002
Shoot length(cm)	30.30±1.57^c	20.56±0.37^a	21.83±0.15^a	27.23±0.75^b	0.005
No .of leaves	8.00±1.00^b	8.00±1.00^b	8.00±1.00^b	8.00±1.00^b	0.018
Mean value of leaf area	13.19±0.26^f	7.60±0.01^a	8.31±0.01^b	11.13±0.01^d	0.001
Total chlorophyll content(mg/gm)	0.140±0.01^e	0.024±0.009^a	0.690±0.001^c	0.17±0.001^f	0.001

Different letters in each group showed significant difference at P < 0.05 levels (Mean ± S.D)

Table 3 Physical parameters of soybean crop on industrial effluent treatment after 40^th day of seed sowing (Mean ± S.E)

PARAMETERS	C	PAR	PAP	PAO	ANOVA
Root length(cm)	7.93±0.20^e	3.96±0.15^a	4.80±0.26^b	6.53±0.25^c	.001
No. of lateral root	31.33±1.52^c	13.0±2.0^a	13.66±2.3^a	17.33±1.52^b	.021
No. of nodules	8.66±0.07^d	3.33±1.52	6.33±0.57^b	7.33±0.57^e	.001
Shoot length(cm)	29.86±0.35^c	18.53±0.25^a	24.06±0.47^.b	29.50±0.50^c	.000
No .of leaves	14.00±1.00^c	10.00±1.00^a	12.00±1.00^b	14.00±1.00^c	.001
Mean value of leaf area	8.84±0.011^c	5.03±0.007^a	6.31±1.09^b	9.13±0.01^c	.023
Total chlorophyll content(mg/gm)	0.087±.001^c	0.028±0.001^a	0.038±0.001^b	0.098±.001^c	.001

Different letters in each group showed significant difference at P < 0.05 levels (Mean ± S.D)

Table 4 Physical parameters of soybean crop on industrial effluent treatment after 60^th day of seed sowing (Mean ± S.E)

PARAMETERS	C	PAR	PAP	PAO	ANOVA
Root length(cm)	9.53±0.25^d	6.06±0.25^a	8.20±0.36^b	10.53±0.30^c	.002
No. of lateral root	29.33±2.08^c	20.33±2.08^a	23.66±2.08^b	27.33±2.51^c	.005
No. of nodules	14.33±0.57^d	6.66±1.15^a	8.66±0.57^b	11.33±1.15^c	.001
Shoot length(cm)	47.00±0.10^d	22.30±0.51^a	29.90±0.10^b	45.5±0.25^c	.011
No .of leaves	17.00±1.00^d	11.00±1.00^a	12.00±1.00^b	15.00±1.00^c	.001
Mean value of leaf area	9.09±0.01^d	7.87±0.007^a	7.91±1.09^b	8.17±0.01^c	.001
Total chlorophyll content(mg/gm)	0.07±.001^d	0.06±0.001^a	0.07±0.001^b	0.09±.001^c	.000
No. of Pods	4.00±1.00^c	3.00±1.00 ^a	3.00±1.00^b	4.00±1.00^b	0.27

Different letters in each group showed significant difference at P < 0.05 levels (Mean ± S.D)

Table 5 Physical parameters of soybean crop on industrial effluent treatment after 80^th day of seed sowing (Mean ± S.E)

PARAMETERS	C	PAR	PAP	PAO	ANOVA
Root length(cm)	11.36±0.32^f	4.5±0.30^a	5.46±0.05^b	8.2±0.30^e	.000
No. of lateral root	34.00±1.00^f	15.00±4.58^a	21.00±4.58^bc	24.66±3.05^cd	.000
No. of nodules	18.00±1.00^d	7.33±1.15^a	11.00±1.00^b	14.00±1.00^c	.000
Shoot length(cm)	43.10±1.95^d	18.30±0.70^a	25.10±0.79^b	36.00±0.78^e	.000
No .of leaves	13.00±1.0^d	6.00±1.00^a	9.00±1.00^b	11.00±1.00^c	.000
Mean value of leaf area	10.67±0.01^d	5.96±0.01^a	5.98±0.01^b	8.16±0.01^c	.000
Total chlorophyll content(mg/gm)	0.11±0.01^a	0.032±0.001^a	0.042±0.001^a	0.396±0.51^a	0.276

Different letters in each group showed significant difference at P < 0.05 levels (Mean ± S.D)

Shoot length, root length and number of lateral roots in 60 and 80th days of experiment showed significant results in PAR, PAP to compare the control (Table 2-5). PAO was showed identical result to compare to control. The higher concentrations of effluent inhibited the seedling growth of black gram (Uma Maheswari et al., 2003, kumar et al., 2006). A significant retardation was recorded in seedling growth at higher concentrations of turpentine factory effluent on paddy (Baruah and Das 1998), fertilizer factory effluent on Vigna unguiculata (Subramani et al., 1998) tannery effluent on Cicer arietinum (Ghosh and Kumar, 1998) and distillery effluent on phaseolus aurens and pennisetum typhoides (Kannan 2001), subba Rao (1982). Dhevagi and oblisami (2000). The lower seedling growth of ragi (Lakshmi and Sundaramoorthy 2000, Thamizhiniyan et al., 2000.

Number of leaves, shoot length, number of nodules, mean value of leaf area and total chlorophyll content are the similar results obtained in control and outlet treated effluent. Untreated and primary treated effluent significantly diminishes the growth of soybean crop (Table 2-5). The seedling growth was significantly increased at lower concentration. However, the higher concentrations decreased the seedling growth of Trigonella foenum graecum under pulp and paper mill effluent (Dhevagi and oblisami (2000), Lakshmi and Sundaramoorthy (2000), Kumawat et al., 2001, Jayabalan et al., (2001), Kannan (2001), Ramakrishnan et al., 2001, Pragasam and Kannabiran, 2001),Reddy and Brose, 2002).

CONCLUSION:

Untreated paper pulp industrial effluents causes serious effects on soybean crop but subsequently treated effluent reduced the effect of damages on soybean crop. Outlet effluent positively increased the growth due to lesser quantity of toxic substances in the effluent.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:

The author and Co-authors have a great sense of gratitude to DST (TSD), Government of India, New Delhi for carrying out this kind of effective research in Government arts college, Coimbatore

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Received on 05.11.2014 Modified on 25.11.2014

Research J. Science and Tech. 6(4): Oct. - Dec.2014; Page 199-202